00:00.96 archpodnet And welcome back to the final segment of episode one fifty one marie explore pawe history in the archaeological record. Um, so I really want to bring us back to the wait late woodland period in the central plains in particular so we're looking at Nebraska and Kansas. There is this cultural divide in terms of pottery styles and mortuary practices between Nebraska and Kansas that I believe speak to some differences that we see later. When the pawnee arises so there's kind of these echoes of the past of this previous population. So you know earlier when I talked about how projectile points are an iffy marker for you know cultures. Mortuary practices are are a really really substantial piece of evidence for differences in cultural. How you treat your dead is very inndicative indicative to your cultural practices and spiritual beliefs so you kind of we have differences between. Between Nebraska and Kansas really, um, between you have cemeteries and you have ossiaries right? So cemeteries you can think of modern cemeteries where 1 person is interred whereas an osuary is is kind of like 1 place where you. 01:25.36 archpodnet A pit or a mound where you throw a bunch of your ancestors into. Okay so those speak to 2 different populations so we see these cultural groups in in the central planes they have similar. There are similar cultural assemblages archeological material assemblages. Between the Missouri River and the east and then also campsites to the west so we kind of see these hallmarks of this east towest dichotomy of these cultural groups in the late woodland right? The bow has been adopted. Um, but also kind of around this time we have ah. Really around 1000 a d or c e we see 2 populations move in that are agriculturists or horticulturists we get um onota archaeological culture coming in from the great lakes across Iowa. 02:22.39 archpodnet And into Northeastern Nebraska and then we also have the central plains tradition which comes which ah we ah traditionally had thought of as coming up the Missouri river through Missouri into Northeastern Kansas and into Nebraska. 02:42.32 archpodnet Now the central plain tradition in onoda is are horticulturalists they have um, ah much more permanent housing central plane traditions these cp houses are you know squareish. not sure what they made up. There could have been wat and doub. They're not earth lodges yet. They're smaller ony odins have more of a square house structure. They have um ramsey in size pottery. So their pottery is is not as cput popular. Pottery is very globular and the only aspects of pots that are decorated on central plains tradition pots are on the rim whereas on on oda pots. Um, they're decorated on the shoulders now ony oins are. We believe ancestral the h and speaking suins the de han suin speakers. Sorry so that's not lakota or dakota these are you know ancestors of the ioway of the oto of the omaha the poka those groups. They come in nebraska for a little bit. Um, they come in later than central plane traditions. So central plane tradition starts showing up around traditionally what we had thought and and I'm going to use this word traditionally and I'm not going to really go into it because this is all of my dissertation research is reconfiguring these. 04:08.74 archpodnet But for the sake of like the story. Regardless central plane tradition shows up first um into into Kansas and Nebraska right on the historic homelands of the pawne oon. It's come in for a little bit like 100 year period and they kind of go back across the river. But what happens is is like there is some there is interaction between odeodins and central plane tradition folks and what what these people are doing. Also they're not replacing the hunter gathertherers they are trading with them mingling with them having kids with them just what we see at many places is that central plains. Hamlets are also on top of woodland settlements woodland houses so we can see them settling on top of the same place so woodland people are definitely adopting this new stylele of lifeways this horticulturists like really maze being squashed. Semi-permanent houses these these hamlets are a couple different structures probably extended family groups then they are scattered all across ah Nebraska and Kansas they're on tributaries that lead to large rivers. But then around the twelve hundreds we get the medieval global warming period. 05:25.66 archpodnet Um, and that's when there's a huge mega drought. So think of like the dust bowl that happened for a couple years it was extreme this medieval global warming period lasted over 100 years and it was much more intense drought and what the central plains tradition woodlands people do is they react. And what they what they do in order for survival is coalesce into large towns on top of bluffs overlooking major waterways and here's the floodplains for. Um, agricultural fields this is where we see really protoppawnie and aricor is showing up in in terms of the archaeological record and what we later to see as identifiably pony and rira so there's kind of these 2 threads that lead to initial coalescent variant. 06:16.97 archpodnet Woodland and central plain tradition. The first initial coalescent variant occupation that we know of is lynch. That's the site that I've been working on that we've talked about and at lynch we also see oeoda pottery show up oneoda pots that are made at lynch and oneoda style also but there are central plains tradition houses. But we also see central plane tradition pots being made. Then also in the same different households. We see this hybridization where they're making a pot that both has central plane tradition aspects and oneode aspects and these oneota designs and central plane tradition designs. Become the progenitors for later lower loop pottery and lower loop is archaeologically proto contactact pawe settlements. So we start seeing the vestiges of where these cultural designs start coming from is. Trade and interaction with one odins from the northeast and definitely pop like there's on odins that are staying and basically being subsumed into these larger central plain tradition folks and initial coalesce these these are earth lodge towns. You know, onbloff's lynch is at at least 6000 people that's over a mile long. It's occupied. Um rather kind of contemporaneously there. Um. But there's more to be determined on that. Um definitely watch out for work by Dr. Douglas Spforth and Dr Casey Carlson who are working at that site. Um, and and the larger syntheses that they're doing um. 07:39.10 archpodnet But it's not like lynch happens and all the central plans tradition just stops. No, we see the formations of lynchling no transitions and transformations of culture take time they're not snap of the finger boom one archeological culture over another one begins. It's a transition so central plains tradition aspects and locations. And Kansas are still going on still going on in Nebraska but really by 1500 the central plane tradition is over and now um, initial coalescent variant which is ancestral to both the pawnee and ericra. I don't know what the Wichita are doing at this time I think they're ah down in Oklahoma and Southern Kansas their ancestors are also central plane tradition. But then they go down south and do something different. Um I will you know I forget what that is. But really, we're saying like ancestral Pati and ricora and after initial coalescent variant which ends around like 1500. We see the beginnings of the extended coalescent variant in South Dakota those are ancestral ah Ricora then we see the lower loop phase that is ancestral pawnee. 08:47.76 archpodnet Firmly and then by 1600 reup contact now. It's important to note like when I in the oral traditions and you guys have probably heard me talk about this um pawnee oral traditions ricker on wiitchchita world traditions talk about shared ancestry. Many talk about coming with the Missouri river specifically southand pawnee oral traditions about migration talk about coming up the Missouri River whereas skedy oral traditions really talk about always being in Nebraska um, and and the really detailed like we were already here then we got corn then we had earth lodges. And then we add horses you get those 3 things the the south bands are really talking about. We came up the misery river we would plant crops along the way and we kept marching up so they came here with Maize. So what I think. Speak to is that central plain tradition population that's coming up through the Missouri river that's really south band that's the south band identity. They've really, they're they're much more being contributed to by um this ah migrating population interacting with. Woodland groups and Kansas whereas because um, central plane tradition happens. Originally you know this is the main narrative you start seeing the first appearances of of central plain tradition in um northeastern kansas 10:13.41 archpodnet Like really in southand territory and then one of the last phases to appear are is in is what we call Scotty phase which is definitely in ski d territory whereas the skidies talk about they got corn. They were always in Nebraska then they got corn. They talk about getting corn from the North. And with my research, there's some things with great oasis and some other groups that had corn that seemed to appear in Nebraska and interacted with weight woman populations in which they got corn. So um, what I think you know this isn't published work is that skity oral traditions like these are really what becomes the ski d. 10:48.22 archpodnet Their history is way more tied to and their oral traditions tied to the the woodland populations whereas the south band pawnies. Their oral traditions are really talking to those horticulturists coming up from the Missouri River that then interact with and and um mix. With Kansas Woodland populations because there's vestiges in terms of material culture that we see so and then through this I think like the skids adoption of of the central plains tradition appears according to this original analysis now once again, this is going to change when we talk about my dissertation. Um, later on um, they they adopt central plain tradition horticulture they're not. They're introduced to it by the horticulture sound south which become the south end ponies now how does the language fit into and all this. How does how does because our old traditions talk about meeting people that speak to each other and I think this is really speaking to what I talked about earlier that. The great plains is ancestrally a cato and speaking area and even the oral traditions of the of the south bands would talk about coming from the Missouri before they were at the Missouri river they came from across Oklahoma and somewhere from the southwest so they were already in this Catoan. Region's speakers I think they're. Catoins as well ancestral catow and speakers that just kind of travel across the southern plains and end up in the central plains. Um I think I need to talk more with the tribe about this than some other groups but um, because like a lot of the oral traditions that talk about this Missouri river stuff. It's it's really southand oral traditions that are that are. 12:23.34 archpodnet Harkening to this whereas ski the oral traditions I can't express enough. They're the ones that are like well we've always been here but like so but you also see remnants and vestiges of south and oral traditions where you can definitely tell there's hundreder ancestral hunting gatherers. They're also speaking through all traditions like no, we've always been in Kansas because you can also see. Central plain tradition hunting camps and later initial coalescent hunting camps. The hunting camps are in the west in Colorado and Wyoming they're on top of central plane tradition and woodland hunting camps now is that ah is that an artifact of well those are just best places to camp. It could be but also I think there is um, knowledge being transferred right? like basically you might you know're you're a central plane stretch and horticulturist. But your grandfather you know he was the hunter gatherer before the days before a corn back when they had a walk. Up a mountain both ways just to kill a bison. He was telling his son and grandkids like these are the best hunting camps go find the hunting camps here in Colorado and Wyoming you know like they wouldn't said Colorado wyoming those words haven't been invented yet. He would have showed his kids that right? So there's that transfer of knowledge right? You can think about hunters today and people today right? You guys retain knowledge from your grandparents who also got knowledge from their grandparents like we see this culturally in the dishes we make how we prepare dishes or how we do things that is a transfer of knowledge and. 13:46.29 archpodnet So when we see these multi-component sites of woodland central plant tradition initial coles in variant to lower loop and extended coalescent this this March through time in which at the same sites. We see these stratified sites with these different components. That's what I think it's speaking to is like that transform knowledge you have both woodland. Contributions and the central plain tradition contributions and this isn't wild right? Like if you talk about if you ask a question like what? How do you define the history ah of of England today or great Britain you have to talk about the histories of. The vikings the romans the celts the welsh um there. There's so many ancestral groups and histories that are threaded together to make the tapestry that is the United Kingdom today that is the same for indigenous communities indigenous populations of the present in North America that we have these contemporary tribal nations. But in the past they're not these. Um so these static populations that March through time without change that. Contemporary pawnees are the amalgamation. 15:04.92 archpodnet Dammit it did it again. Sorry Chris.