00:00.00 Cpt Granarius Hello everyone and welcome to another episode of arche animals the show all about zoo archaeology. Um this is episode 61 laactose intolerance but lacus intolerance beware the zoo archeology of dairy and with you. It's a mey monofalana. 00:17.80 Alex Me Alex Fitzpatrick 00:18.47 Cpt Granarius And oh so um, bit of a different one this time because of course so um I mean it is still related to animal exploitation but not as much in of a bony subject. 00:33.23 Alex Not really I mean we will talk about bones because obviously but it's a bit more of like I mean it's from animals so you wouldn't say it's animal adjacent. But I guess it's like I don't know. 00:36.31 Cpt Granarius A. 00:50.68 Alex And describe this one. 00:50.74 Cpt Granarius But still like ties it with your archeology because it does pertain sort of animal exploitation and is something that as you'll find out we can learn more by looking at the bones as well and not necessarily about whether you do or do not get milk recipe. You. 01:09.47 Alex Extremely what? Ah, an exciting topic. Although I think I guess with this, it's less traditional zo archeology and more kind of the last couple decades of innovations and how we do ZoArcheology so you'll see it's very very. archaeological science heavy which is great for me someone with a master's degree in archaeological science who cannot remember a single thing I learned in that year of my master's degree. 01:37.39 Cpt Granarius But I guess we'll um, we'll rewind it a notch or 2 ah because um, what do we mean by dairy actually um so by dairy of course we'll mean milk products which are derived from you've guessed it milk producing. Mammalian species and used predominantly by humans. So now. Of course you know that when you mentioned dairy the first product comes to mind is milk but it also includes a variety of other milk days products. Um, so for example, it of cheese which is made by coagulating milk and separating the curds as ah Alex referred to the chunky bits. Um, and that's and that's usually through the aid of so an acidic substance. So I think. 02:22.58 archpodnet Sorry similar could you take that one again just about from the chunky bits because I hear it's like scratching in the background. 02:30.33 Cpt Granarius Yes, I'm sorry that is Sandy Sandy said she settled. Um, um, of course when we mentioned dairy milk is sort of the main sort of obvious product that comes to mind but of course includes a variety of other sort of Milkbase. Products. Um, first and foremost I guess will be cheese which is made by coagulating milk. Um, usually through the aid of sort of an acidic substance. So citric acid is using is used in modern cheese making a lot but ah citrus. Ah juice also helps lemon in particular. Um. And this will allow the milk to coagulate. Um the curds will create so these chunky bits if you will and by separating those from the way aka the liquidy bits you get your cheese um, which will have your your fresh cheese as it is so you can let leave it to mature for a little bit. And well that's how you get your hard cheese. 03:28.73 Alex Yeah, basically I mean there's also I think the most important milk product but it's not just about the cheese as much as I'd love it to be. We also have you know butter where it's basically just the remaining fat and protein resulting from churning milk or cream. And this also invites me to do my first tangent which is Simona when you were in school did you have to make butter. Okay, yeah, okay, so it's not just because I had this conversation the other day. 03:53.79 Cpt Granarius No, but I make it home myself because obviously it. 03:56.93 archpodnet And I did I had to make butter. 04:06.47 Alex Because I was I wanted to know if this was a UK thing as well because in America I think it's very common for kids to have to make butter in class. 04:07.71 Cpt Granarius Are. 04:14.33 archpodnet And yeah, we had to make it for um we had to make ah what you but some people call drop scones but they're basically like these kind of like soda based um, very hard biscuits with what americans would call them and we would have to make these soda scones and then we'd have to chur the butter. And there's a place in Northern Ireland called the cultural the ostrafocon transport museum and it's like an openair museum and a lot of their main displays in the wee houses are where people make these like souscons and there's always people chur in butter. So definitely something i. Very close to my childhood and. 04:49.70 Cpt Granarius You know we've never done anything like that because I guess there would be what would the subject be called like a home Ed or. 04:55.81 Alex Well for us it was a science experiment thing where they just gave us jars with cream in it and then we just had to shake it really really hard for like 10 minutes and then it would be it would be butter I don't I mean i. 04:59.61 Cpt Granarius Strong. 05:07.93 Cpt Granarius That sounds painstaking. 05:14.29 Alex Lot of children were left behind in the Us educational system myself included. So yeah, anyway is not just about butter either because there's also yogurt or what people in this country call yogurt which is wild and weird but whatever. It's. 05:20.62 Cpt Granarius From. 05:33.50 Alex We'll we'll skip over that because it's yeah I could go an hour on that. Um. 05:34.88 Cpt Granarius Yeah, guess what? what were broadly defined as a products made from fermenting milk course of a particular case of yogurt is through thermophilic bacteria and ferment it that way. 05:46.94 Alex It's de yogurt deogurt. 05:47.95 archpodnet I thermophilic meaning it likes heat just just in case people don't I've never heard of thermophilic before but I could work it out. 05:53.20 Cpt Granarius Yes, um I could but want that on the t-shirt am absolutely firmmophilic. Um, they are but that ah that's not just yogurt because there's a bright deal about the sort of fermented milk based products and drinks ah kef here. 06:10.53 Alex No. 06:12.40 Cpt Granarius Comes to mind as well. Ah, and of course shef cream just that well the fat layer skimmed off the top of the milk. Dont if you get a lot that a sort of organic whole milk, especially like I guess in in Britain sort of from like if you get them from a milkman they will be like a thick good inch of. 06:18.22 Alex And fun. 06:31.45 Cpt Granarius Cream at the top. They kind of to sort of pry out with a spoonful and actually use the milk. 06:37.56 Alex And and fun fact I'm lactose I'm violently lactose intolerant. So I might die during this conversation something I kind of knew um basically a lot of you know East days asian populations are lactose intolerance. And I found this out the hard way when I decided to eat I believe all the cheese from a very fancy cheese and wine place before the day before I moved to the Uk and was so violently ill I was almost taken to the hospital. Cheese. Never again, just kidding I love cheese. Oh it was absolutely worth it. I was happy to miss going into the u k for some really good cheese. 07:11.70 archpodnet It sounds like it was worth it though. 07:11.22 Cpt Granarius Um, who. 07:20.30 archpodnet Must have been I mean could you imagine that as an excuse like phoneing up the airport. Yeah, at too much cheese I'm really sorry in the airlines like yeah and I understand it. We'll just move youruff flight. It's understandable. 07:32.66 Alex Yeah, but it was pretty incredible. It's one of those things where you're kind of like yeah I do I don't feel great when I eat cheese and I never really liked milk and then oh boy, No actually my my body violently rejects cheese and all other dairy products but whatever. It's fine. 07:50.33 Cpt Granarius Are. 07:52.31 Alex And to be fair is actually very important to talk about that because it ties into kind of how we understand dairying and milk consumption over time. So like basically everything we've ever talked about on this podcast when it comes to origin stories. Um, you Know. We're not really sure Still,. It's a big question.. There's a lot of research that has to be done to kind of understand it. So just the act of consuming milk from another species is considered to be an adaptation. That's really unique to. Are species of Homo sapiens and it's actually seen as a ah major event in the evolution of human diets and it makes sense to kind of adapt to consuming milk from other species because animal milk is actually quite rich in protein proteins. Animal milk is quite rich in proteins and nutrients and it's. Very useful when resources might be scarce So The actual origins of you know, dairying and milk consumption in general is kind of a mystery.. Although there's lots of research being done to investigate this so you know Like. What we've seen with domestication which we've discussed and I don't know like a dozen episodes At this Point. It's a lot of definitely more than one. You know it. It may have occurred at different times in different areas. It may have kind of come come and gone with time but more or less. It. 09:08.75 Cpt Granarius More than one. 09:22.97 Alex Probably came around the neolithic and the rise of agriculture and domestication which you know makes sense. 09:28.91 Cpt Granarius And now if you've got your Bingo cards at hand we have near will we have a double one. We have neolithic or likely occurred in different locations across different time periods. 09:39.95 Alex Um. 09:43.49 Alex We could probably just make a domestic ah not sorry we could probably just make a bingo card based on the domestication episode framework because we basically do the same episode over and over again. 09:53.41 Cpt Granarius Yeah, it just something yeah occurred across I Guess different time periods and likely across different geographical areas but broadly in the neolithic and the near East among other regions. 10:09.60 Alex So yeah I mean yeah like simmona said early's origins may be in the near East Western asia following early domestication about ten thousand five hundred years ago give or take but in other places we see different stories but still. 10:11.68 Cpt Granarius Bigger cut. 10:26.70 Alex Not necessarily that far away from that time period so in East Africa for example milk consumption may have occurred as early as when herding became a really common practice among pastoralists around 6000 bc and Britain I believe the earliest date for processing milk fats is around 4000 bc of course there's also some debate as to how much dairy was actually contributing to the average neolithic diet as well. It could have been very low amounts. It could have been a lot. We're still not entirely sure. But this leads to the secondary products revolution which I can't remember if we talked about I feel like we probably did. 11:06.62 Cpt Granarius Not entirely sure we did you know. 11:10.73 Alex Because it's kind of ah a big thing in zo arc at least it's like a big theory. So probably we're kind of talking about the theory itself. So in 1981 Andrew sherott proposed this model called the secondary products revolution. Where you have your early domesticated species which are basically your sheep your goat your cattle were mainly domesticated for primary products. So their meats, their skins and hides and their bones but eventually become more intensively exploited for their secondary products. So physical labor. So being a beast of burden doing traction and plowing their wool and milk. Obviously so this happens later on much later after domestication first happens and it. Spreads ah across from Western Asia and Northern Africa to yeah, more wildly so secondary products had a massive impact impact on agriculture it meant that animals didn't have to just be outright slaughtered for their products we could use them to do labor. 12:17.19 Alex Ah, to intensify and spread agricultural work and ultimately reduce the difficulty of farming for humans and it's overall kind of accepted by most archaeologists. But there's still kind of bits of critique here and there as to its use as like a broad model. Especially as there are still still some evidence of secondary products that kind of predate where the secondary products for revolution may have occurred so May or may not be as cut and dry as this although it does make sense for the most part. 12:51.62 Cpt Granarius Yeah I guess sort of over time moving from the secondary products revolution. Um I mean I guess again, it's one of those things that is widely dependent on the region but you do tend to see sort of a fluctuation between what were sort of the most. 12:53.68 Alex Um. 13:08.74 Cpt Granarius Common secondary products that were produced for livestock um leading all the way up to what you know sort into the iron age and the roman period ah and into the early medieval period where farms tended to be sort of fairly small and self-suff sufficientient for the most part. Ah, least in Britain. Um, whether so the general sort of the usual suspects of domesticates will be kept but of course over time as we go sort of later into the medieval period and the post medieval period. Growing urbanization meant more reliance on farms to support these new populations especially with the establishment again of sort of larger towns and cities in the medieval period resulting then in more centralized and efficient productions of dairy and meat from cows. Um in this specific example. Um. This was also influenced by the increased use of horses on farms for plowing and traction leaving then sort of freeing up cattle to be used elsewhere and milk so and the production thereof in particular became more important for cattle sort of after around sort of the mid Seventh century. Which can be seen in the zo archeological record as well as based on mortality profile and now this custom mortality profiles a few times before definitely in a bunch of episodes but it's when you've got your assemblage. Um say you got your assemblage of animal bones. 14:34.10 Cpt Granarius And you look sort of out of the Ageable. So The ageable Mandibles you the ageable elements and so you draw up sort of what your ages are sort of ah for that assemblage and from that you can establish a moreity profile so say in the case of Dairy, you'll find a lot of the. Offspring or cattle being slaughtered quite early on so that the milk could be kept and actually used as a secondary product. Um, yeah. 15:04.44 Alex See yeah by the the mid Eleventh century. The dairy industry had grown a lot although beef production had also eventually kind of increased in importance as well. So by the time you get to like the mid to late medieval period you have a very mixed. Product focus. Um, so you have both dairy and beef being produced at pretty ah high frequencies and you can even see the importance of cattle overall reflected in historical texts for around this time, especially when it comes to cattle theft which was considered a very serious crime starting with the ninth. Century now. Lots of things happen but we're gonna skip right to kind of the industrial age because that's probably where some of the most important innovations in how we use dairy and how we produce kind of dairy products happened. So. Dairy um, amongst other livestock products became massively important as western european exports to Britain as it became more industrialized Britain was actually referred to as a bottomless pit that can never be filled by dutch cattle authorities. Now it also it provided this in the dutch. But I'm not going to embarrass myself as someone whose dutch is extremely poor. So I'm just going to leave you with that which is a wild thing to say and have in historical text. But yeah, ah. 16:32.33 Cpt Granarius Ah, also but what does a dutch cattle authority. Do you should just oversee cattle. 16:38.42 Alex Yeah I mean there were like books that were cited and stuff in the the paper I was reading about this. So there's a plethora of texts on on this. So if for a dutch cattle enthusiasts go for it. You know, but I mean. 16:57.71 Cpt Granarius Ah. 16:58.15 Alex It being referred to as a bottleist pit was actually quite accurate. So exports of cheese from just the Netherlands to Britain increased by one hundred and thirty percent in the eighteen hundreds with cattle and sheep exports being increased by over 3000% around that time so big deal. Dairy and you know, um, alongside all this. We start seeing kind of the mechanization of dairyings even by the 18 sorry by the 1950 s you start seeing the introduction of new milking machines. Although milk machines were around since about world war one. But now we're seeing them even more mechanized, especially with milk tanks. All these kind of technological advances happening to further centralize and further make production very efficient and from the 1950 s onward dairy becomes part of the national character of America. And advertise heavily to the masses which was highly problematic given what it was being implicitly associated with like purity and all those other it really problematic things to talk about in the 1950 s and something I think we've actually talked about when we talked about Antarctica um. 18:13.10 Cpt Granarius Yes, it was good to say like it would be like not about a about sort of ah the American continent. No antarctica. 18:18.10 Alex But it was a part of the american push towards dairy being a big thing. So obviously that was bad but in the late 90 s and early two thousand s it gave us the got milk campaign so who can say if it was bad overall which I think in that episode I described to you both because it is an extremely american thing. I mean if you ever wanted to see mario with like a milk mustache look up the got milk campaign if you're not from the United States is my entire childhood. 18:46.54 Cpt Granarius Ah I think I've seen a few of them but like is ah in magazines I used to learn english from so like there these are like learn english magazines I think they were printed specifically for like non english speakers to learn what I like british or american english and depending on the ones you've bought. Ben Think I've seen some of those in there. 19:08.80 Alex That makes sense. There was a big like push in educational um like magazines and in schools there were everywhere like it was absolutely everywhere which was extremely alienating for someone who not only didn't like milk but was from a particularly lactose intolerant population. So. Was fun but it is kind of a cool campaign. So I think while we take a break. Ah everyone else can go look up the campaign. It's fun if you're if you're not from America. It's very interesting and interesting insight into the american psyche which is ah yeah. 19:46.46 archpodnet I am I remembering correctly that David Bowie what's even part of this at one point I distinctly remember this like thing at the back of my head I need to Google this and see whether David Boyi was in the gott mill campaign because there were some. 20:00.90 Alex Probably like literally every celebrity every sports person Every fictional character did a got milk. Oh that's surprising. 20:06.84 archpodnet No, no yeah no I'm misremembering I'm having a mandala effect. Um. 20:15.77 Alex The Michael Jordan got milk ads are the ones I remember the most because they were like in our gymnasium. 20:20.43 archpodnet Yeah, yeah, like I just if you Google it it does bring up a lot like there's even like whopi goldberg. Obviously what other ones do you remember taught you had. 20:34.80 Alex Um, I think there was there was definitely a car at the frog one. Um, it's insane and me and Stan watch american vintage like ads. 20:37.48 archpodnet Yes, all the Kermit Frog ones amazing like he is looking so so up 20:48.94 Alex From like nine days sometimes and I have to explain to him because like every other commercial is just a commercial for milk or cheese and I'm like these are huge lobbyists in America that like put out these advertisements which is insane. 21:00.92 archpodnet I Know it's crazy all right? Yeah sorry I'm for a break? yes. 21:03.78 Cpt Granarius You just call ads from the 90 s vintage. Oh. 21:06.80 Alex Do you know what? I mean shut up.