00:00.00 ALEX And we are back with archaeo animals the podcast all about zooareology in this episode. We're talking about the zo archeology of Oceania as part of our miniseries where in the world and now we will be talking about. Ah, the domesticated species that are normally found in this region and kind of touching upon what we just talked about though not as sad this time but I guess a somewhat similar in appearance. Species is the Dingo so it's a bit calling it domesticated maybe a bit of a stretch. They are technically feral. 00:36.70 S_ Granarius Yeah, Canis Familiarity stinggo. 01:42.90 ALEX But dingoes are canids that are found primarily in Australia and they are a basil or ancient canine breed which I think we've talked about in a previous episode. 01:28.86 S_ Granarius Might have done Yeah because I mean I guess in theory it is a subspe of the domestic dog because it is can' fa Familiaris which is course the the scientific name for the domestic dog but that is got the dingo. 02:14.94 ALEX It sounds. 02:28.82 ALEX Ah, yeah. 02:03.30 S_ Granarius Ah, the end of it. So yeah. 02:51.28 ALEX It's a bit. Yeah, it's a bit confusing though because obviously you know we know that they are from they are domestic or at least descendants from you know, canids and but they are. Their origins are not really understood which I mean it's kind of the case for a lot of these domestication things isn't it. We're still kind of in the last maybe Decade We've only just started to really understand. Some of the domestication origins of a lot of these very common species. 03:20.46 S_ Granarius Yeah, and again, probably going back to they probably descend to from various domestication events in various locations which I'm afraid is going to be like the broken record for most of the domesticates that we cover on the podcast as a whole um, but. I Mean guess we we can class the Dingo as a domesticate because I mean unless any sort of recent scientific studies prove. Otherwise even though they are feral sort a way so domesticate. They're sort of gone back into the wild in in a feral state. Um, they've clearly not changed. Enough to warrant us a speciation of any kind. 05:22.20 ALEX No, so yeah, it's a bit I mean the real confucian is obviously where did they originate from they were definitely brought to Australia around Eight thousand years ago but it's not clear as to. Where they've originated There's been research looking at the fact that you cannot find Dingo remains ah before a certain points clearly they must have been brought here. The main hypothesis is it's it's likely somewhere in Asia which. Kind of makes sense a lot of the domestics that we do have they did originate from Asia but again where in Asia it's still not completely clear. So there's still a lot of genetic research that needs to be done to kind of clear that up but between hybridization and you know crossbreeding and. As Simona said domestication isn't necessarily just a None ne-time event it could happen in multiple places. Obviously I think in our cat episode. We talked a bit about how the cat has basically been domesticated twice so is not as cut and dry as. Think we would like it to be so maybe in a couple years five ten years from now we might have a better idea as to where the dingo actually fits in the the lineage I guess. 07:40.96 S_ Granarius Yeah I guess like it. It must have been fraught because of course like Australia and New Zealand are sort of abundant in mossupial animals also like ah one of the main reasons is because they've not been exposed to ah sort of plus. 08:36.14 ALEX Yes. 08:19.26 S_ Granarius Placenal mammals set the term I'm blanking. Um, they've not been exposed to them that they've not been exposed to sort of um placental mammals as much because in a way like ah it has been shown that you know as ah. 08:58.84 ALEX Yeah, something like that. Yeah. 08:52.18 S_ Granarius Ah, other mammals were introduced to Australia the native sort of um marsupial species greatly suffered from that competition and it is indeed like the case going back to the thylacine. The Thylacine was also I think even before ah colonials got there was somewhat struggling from. Sort of competition from the dingo so that they they were brought they were brought from somewhere by someone is is the but my scientific take. 10:12.76 ALEX Um, and. 10:28.24 ALEX Yeah, and clearly well yeah, and clearly they were brought by humans and that's impacted the way that their relation to humans have been since then despite their feral status. Dingo have basically lived alongside humans in what's likely more of a commenal relationship rather than one of complete you know cutt and dry domestication. So in other words dingoes do benefit from association with humans but they don't actually require us to survive. Nor does this relationship harm either species and this kind of relationship with humans is well-documented especially in prehistoric evidence we have with ah dingoes and aboriginal peoples and it's not only evident in the various depictions of dingoes and rock art. But also. There have been some instances of burials of dingoes which share some similarities in human burial traditions. So obviously there is at least enough of importance to warrant that sort of careful burial. So regardless of whether or not the dingo was ever. You know truly truly domesticated or even tamed. There is clearly held in some regard by aboriginal peoples and there's still that kind of relationship which exists till today. 12:36.86 S_ Granarius Yeah, and moving to one that you wouldn't expect is the dwarf Cassoerri Casuario Bennetti um also known as the little caser or the mountain caser I know. 13:33.78 ALEX Is so cute. It's so cute. It's is so cute there I mean if you look up at. 13:12.18 S_ Granarius Um, it's brilliant. 14:04.54 ALEX If You look up any other cassioary species they are horrifying terrifying little murder machines and I believe that there is like countless cases of violence by larger cassuaries towards humans but the dof cassway is very cute and I just wanted to to give a little shout out. It's. Just so tiny and adorable. 14:07.62 S_ Granarius Just yeah, so little with its little blue and pink head. No um the the caso wary is the the the smallest of the cassoary species. Um, as you would expect. Um. 15:00.54 ALEX In. 14:46.84 S_ Granarius Ah, which is which are a species of ratite bird that being they are flightless and they also don't have a keel on their sternum which is a bit of the bone that unsurprisingly perhaps looks like the keel of a boat. Could it be why it's called the keo. Oh who knows? um, but and yes that is will be similar to emus or ostriches now the dwarf cassaary is found predominantly throughout New Guinea as well as some of the surrounding islands. 16:03.82 ALEX Who knows. 15:58.90 S_ Granarius During the late pleistocene and Holocene cassuary bones were potentially used for tool production. So examples being cassuary daggers. Ah well in particular which are mostly made of the tibiatasis which unfortunately are not very commonly Recovered. So in the archeological record. Ah so that' not really entirely understood at present but now because like I'm sure there people going. Okay, but I thought we were talking about domesticated Species. So What's with this little Cassa wary but Ha and there has been relatively recent research which in. 17:42.16 ALEX Just vivid. 17:15.80 S_ Granarius Indicates that cassaariesries may have been at least semi domesticticated by humans eighteen thousand years ago which would pre would make it predate chicken domestication I to stop myself from banging my hand on the table that that that's my my point making stands. So while adult cassowaries were likely hunted as well. There has been newly recovered evidence that suggests that eggs were potentially collected by humans and granted some of that might have been for. You know the obvious eating. Um, however, there may have also been an attempt. Hatch the eggs for themselves for domestication. But you know so this research is still relatively new so you know then this still need to be sort of additional analysis or an evaluation stages but the potential of this is is very exciting indeed. 19:41.62 ALEX Yeah, no, It's extremely Interesting. It's I think only like a year or 2 out in Publication. So. It's extremely new research and it could you know it would kind of shake up our. Conceptions of domestication at least Avian domestication as well. So you know to stay tuned. Maybe maybe we'll learn more about what is the I Guess the Pre- Chicken So speakinging of the pre chicken. Our last example is kind of I mean it's in the same the same genus. It's the Green Jungle fowl. 20:41.20 S_ Granarius Galusvaus. 21:25.36 ALEX And it's also known as the javin jungle fowl or the forktail. The green jungle fowl is one of 4 jungle fowl species. The others being the red jungle fowl the sri lankan jungle fowl and the gray. Jungle fowl now today. Green jungle fowl are often bred in captivity due to the potential loss of genetic diversity. But there has been again some relatively recent advances in genetic studies of gala forms. And the complexity of chicken domestication which we've talked about previously on this podcast is always kind of in the news in terms of discovering new things. Obviously here in the u k finding the none chicken and the earliest chicken has been. Ah, massive project. And yeah, so there's been recent advances in genetic studies that have indicated that maybe is not as cut and dry as we thought obviously we kind of view the red jungle fowl as the primary you know ancestor of the chicken. I think even Charles Darwin is the original old guy who ah singles out the the red jungle fowl as the the wild ancestor of the the domesticated chicken but it may be a. Not as cut and dry as we thought there may have been a bit more hybridization and crossbreeding along the way and that may potentially include the green jungle fowl as well as the the gray jungle fowl and these kind of crossbreeding may have. Been seen in the various chicken breeds that we have the variety in skins and things like that. So. It's it's extremely interesting and even today a lot of these jungle file are crossbred with chickens. So there is. Modern day precedent for it. So it's it's not completely out of the question that it may have potentially happened a bit more in the past. So again, some really interesting research that in the next couple of years maybe we'll have a bit more concrete stuff but we'll see I think. Again, this episode has been ah somehow ah a secret archeological sciences episode and that there just seems to be a lot of really recent research being done in genetics and adna work in the oceanic region and. 27:01.36 ALEX Again, you know a lot of these sciences have only kind of recently been picked up and and really focused on you know in the last few decades so it's not that surprising but the fact that it can shake up our conceptualization of some domesticated species is huge for sure. 27:00.26 S_ Granarius Oh absolutely so just have to keep her ears out. 27:52.84 ALEX Yeah, and hey I didn't do like 5 different versions of cattle this episode I just did 2 birds instead. Ah. 27:41.70 S_ Granarius I'm sure we can We can rectify that no just kidding. Let let let's. 28:30.60 ALEX Yeah I mean it's. 28:48.36 ALEX It's a bit hard I guess because obviously a lot of what we've been talking about with Australia are this introduce introduced species and things like that. So a lot of the the domesticates happen to be you know species. We've talked about that have been brought over. So you know we just get a little creative folks. 28:55.58 S_ Granarius Yeah I guess yeah, we won't be able to um, discuss at length all the various cattle breeds pregnant and but we felt a lot of them are sort of European and. 14:57.25 archpodnet Of what was that they were common. 30:03.74 ALEX Yeah. 29:27.86 S_ Granarius Ah, or the producer is whispering quiet. Everyone. 15:15.31 archpodnet Um, yeah, what? what was the big gotback cattle called you knew that big one even a massive one a funny name. 30:01.84 S_ Granarius The big cattle with a funny name I can think of 1 breed of cattle. That's got massive horns. But a thing that's is mostly found in North America and I also can't think of the name. 16:03.13 archpodnet Um, no, it was yeah no, it was like a nickname given to the cattle. 31:14.82 ALEX From the last episode. 16:21.17 archpodnet Um, no, no, no this is previous absolute. 30:43.14 S_ Granarius Oh no, no no that that was from a while ago. 31:29.58 ALEX Oh oh oh no I can't remember folks. 16:45.75 archpodnet I wasn't trying to catch out here. There wasn't by any chance Knickers was it. Um. 31:16.68 S_ Granarius Yes, yes, it's because six six feet four inches tall and weighing weighing just over None 32:01.18 ALEX Oh yeah, how can I forget. 17:31.79 archpodnet Um, amazing, amazing see even though it's not meant to be in the episode still match to bring the cattle in. 32:29.80 ALEX This. 32:48.98 ALEX We haven't brought romans in though. So just say boo. 32:12.88 S_ Granarius I am able. 17:55.67 archpodnet More but we could talk about cattle until the cows come home. But maybe it's better if go if there's anything else in this segment or we can go to the case studies which is. 32:22.32 S_ Granarius Then. 33:20.66 ALEX We need to go to the next one bad jokes. Bad segment just go to the next one we'll see after the break folks. 18:33.99 archpodnet So.